Browsing by Author "Dervishi, Ramadan"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 10

Analysing and comparing the digital seal according to eIDAS regulation with and without blockchain technology
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Digitalisation of public services has already changed the way how we interact with government. The electronic signature, based on public key cryptography, has strengthened the trust towards this transformation. With the recent appearance of the electronic seal, this digital transformation is complete. The new European Union regulation for electronic identification, authentication and trust services (eIDAS) has repealed the old directive and provides a regulatory environment. In the meantime, a novel technology based in cryptography rose as an alternative to fulfil these objectives – the blockchain. This paper, analyses the properties of the electronic seal, based on eIDAS regulation, with and without blockchain technology. The developed application uses local X.509 digital certificates and the multichain platform for the creation and deployment of private blockchains. At the end of the paper, an overview of this comparison is provided, using different documents, pointing out the pros and cons of each technology.
Anonimiteti dhe privatësia në aplikacionet bashkëkohore duke përdorur eID
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Krijimi i aplikacioneve bashkëkohore softuerike të ndryshme për desktop, ueb apo mobile nuk është ndonjë sfidë e madhe pasi që në treg tashmë ekzistojnë vegla me të cilat këto aplikacione mund të ndërtohen dhe përdoren lehtë. Sfida më e madhe për këto lloj aplikacionesh është rritja e sigurisë dhe privatësisë se përdoruesit gjate përdorimit të këtyre aplikacioneve. Pasi që një numër i madh i shteteve kanë filluar të prodhojnë kartat elektronike ose eID (Electronic ID), atëherë shfrytëzimi i kësaj teknologjie si çelës i sigurt për qasje në aplikacione do të ishte një përparësi. Kjo teknologji do to të mund të zbatohej në shumë shërbime e sidomos në ato ku kërkohet që të mbrohen grup-mosha të caktuara, duke kërkuar paraprakisht autentikimin dhe autorizimin, por edhe duke ruajtur privatësinë. Në këtë rast përdoruesi do të mbetet anonim kundrejt aplikacionit apo shërbimit, e gjithashtu mund të mbetet anonim edhe veprimi i tij. Ky lloj i pseudoanonimitetit do të mund të realizohej duke përdorur pseudo certifikatën e cila ndodhet në eID kartelë.
Assuring Anonymity and Privacy in Electronic Voting with Distributed Technologies Based on Blockchain
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Anonymity and privacy in the electoral process are mandatory features found in any democratic society, and many authors consider these fundamental civil liberties and rights. During the election process, every voter must be identified as eligible, but after casting a vote, the voter must stay anonymous, assuring voter and vote unlinkability. Voter anonymity and privacy are the most critical issues and challenges of almost all electronic voting systems. However, vote immutability must be assured as well, which is a problem in many new democracies, and Blockchain as a distributed technology meets this data immutability requirement. Our paper analyzes current solutions in Blockchain and proposes a new approach through the combination of two different Blockchains to achieve privacy and anonymity. The first Blockchain will be used for key management, while the second will store anonymous votes. The encrypted vote is salted with a nonce, hashed, and finally digitally signed with the voter’s private key, and by mixing the timestamp of votes and shuffling the order of cast votes, the chances of linking the vote to the voter will be reduced. Adopting this approach with Blockchain technology will significantly transform the current voting process by guaranteeing anonymity and privacy.
Decreasing probability of 51% attack using grouping and random numbers based on overview on consensus models in blockchain technologies.
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Blockchain as an innovative technology has increased application usage of distributed and decentralized systems in different fields. With the rapid growth of applications using blockchain technology, there is a need to develop consensus models that ensure data and system integrity. In decentralized systems, the integrity of data cannot be realized without proper and secured consensus models of protocols. In the blockchain era, many applications use different consensus protocols, each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. The decision to apply a specific protocol to any application depends on many factors. Selecting a proper consensus protocol it is a difficult task for the system analyst, the selection must be based on all pros and cons of different protocols compared to the selected protocol and application purpose. In this paper, we present an overview of consensus protocols, especially focused on POW (Proof-of-Work), POS (Proof of Stake) and LBFTas most used protocols in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Etherum, etc. We reviewed the Bitcoin protocol POW, Etherum protocol POS, Libra Protocol LBFT and finally we summarized the open challenges and suggest future research on the known phenomenon 51% attack.
ELECTRONIC VOTING – KOSOVO CASE VOTIMI ELEKTRONIK – RASTI I KOSOVËS
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Sipas raportit të Komisionit Qendror të Zgjedhjeve – KQZ në zgjedhjet e 12 dhjetorit 2010 në Kosovë ishin të regjistruar 1,630,636 qytetarë me të drejtë vote, të shpërndarë në 746 qendra votimi me gjithsej 2,280 vendvotime. E statistikat botërore tregojnë se zhvillimi i hovshëm i Teknologjisë së Informacionit dhe të Komunikimit ka sjellë edhe automatizimin e shumë proceseve, si në biznes ashtu edhe në lëmenjtë e tjerë të jetës. Duke pasur parasysh këtë zhvillim shumë vende pretendojnë të kalojnë nga votimi tradicional në votimin elektronik, e bazuar në raportin e KQZ ia vlen që të ngritët një sistem i këtillë edhe në Kosovë. Ky punim mëton, që: (i) duke analizuar arkitekturën e përshtatshme për sistemin e këtillë dhe sigurinë e të dhënave, të propozojë ngritjen e një sistemi të votimit elektronik në Kosovë, dhe (ii) duke analizuar efektet e mundshme nga aplikimi i një sistemi të këtillë elektronik të bindë vendimmarrësit për të përkrahur ngritjen e sistemit. Veçoritë e sistemit elektronik që do të analizohen janë: autentikimi i sigurt në pajisjet e përzgjedhura, bartja e sigurt e informacioneve të ndërlidhura me votën dhe votimin, dhe më e rëndësishmja saktësia dhe shpejtësia e paraqitjes së rezultateve të votimit, e që do të bazohen në veçoritë biometrike (gjurmët e gishtërinjve) dhe në certifikatat digjitale me mundësi votimi edhe nga interneti ose nga shtëpia. Rezultat dhe dobi e e-votimit, përveç shpejtësisë dhe saktësisë së numërimit, është edhe kursimi i parasë publike, pasi që sistemi i takon tipit “ndërto një herë - përdor shumë herë”.
Enhancing trustworthiness and interoperability of electronic voting systems through blockchain bridges.
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Decentralized applications leveraging blockchain technology are gaining widespread adoption within the decentralized applications ecosystem. Interoperability, a fundamental concept facilitating seamless data and processing power exchange across diverse blockchain networks, is paramount in this context. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the transformative potential of "blockchain bridges" in facilitating secure and transparent electronic voting processes across multiple blockchain networks. The study employs a comprehensive analysis of various approaches, including atomic exchanges, sidechains, cross-chain bridges, token wrappers, and interledger protocols. The selection of a specific method is guided by the unique requirements and privacy considerations of the electronic voting use case. The application of two distinct blockchains serves as a practical demonstration, illustrating the principles of blockchain bridges in real-world scenarios. The research reveals that blockchain bridges not only streamline the exchange of data between diverse blockchain networks but also establish a dual decentralization paradigm. This paradigm enables the creation of openly maintained, purpose-specific, decentralized ledgers for electronic voting. The integration of blockchain bridges significantly reduces the risk of fraud, instilling greater confidence in the accuracy of election results. Thus, by presenting a comprehensive array of approaches and emphasizing their practical application, this research contributes to advancing the understanding and implementation of blockchain technology in the critical domain of electronic voting.
Filtrimi i emailave spam përmes algoritmit Naive Bayes [Spam filtering of emails using the Naive Bayes algorithm]
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Shërbimi i e-mailit ka ndikuar në lehtësimin e komunikimit të përditshëm, por edhe ka sjellë vështirësi që ndërlidhen me menaxhimin e emailave të padëshiruar të njohur si spam e të cilët dita më ditë janë duke u rritur. Shumica e teknikave të cilat sot përdoren për filtrimin e emailave të padëshiruar nuk janë efikase për arsye të natyrës së emailit. Nuk ekziston ndonjë algoritëm i veçantë i cili mund të përcaktojë qind për qind se një email është spam ose jospam. Prandaj punimi ka për qëllim trajtimin e disa metoda të filtrimit për të dalluar emailat spam duke u fokusuar në aplikimin e rregullave Bayesiane të njohura edhe si metoda e filtrimit Bayesian, të cilat bazohen në probabilitetin e ngjarjeve duke bërë që algoritmi të mësojë vetveten. Po ashtu tregohet pse kjo metodë është mënyra e mirë për të trajtuar emailat spam. Njëkohësisht jepen edhe matjet të cilat janë realizuar duke shfrytëzuar softuerin SpamBulli v4.0.0.77 përmes të cilit janë nxjerrë statistikat dhe raporti i emailave jospam kundrejt atyre spam si dhe burimi prej nga janë dërguar. Fjalë çelës: filtrim, spam, e-mail, Naive Bayes, padëshiruar, algoritëm. Key words: filter, spam, e-mail, Naive Bayes, unwanted, algorithm.
Survey on using blockchain technologies in electronic voting systems Vehbi NEZIRI, Blerim REXHA, and Ramadan DERVISHI University of Prishtina, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Prishtina, Kosovo
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Due to the large population movement, many states and institutions need to modernize their voting systems to support a moving society that is becoming more oriented towards Internet technologies. Electronic voting is a service that is not only used by governments but can be used by various institutions to benefit in time, cost, and distance access. The use of new technologies should enable the promotion of confidence and credibility of the voting system by allowing auditing of control mechanisms that deal with the privacy of vote, ballot security, and integrity. One of the recent technologies that have attracted a lot of interest in many different areas is Blockchain technology, which represents a collection of linked (chained) data blocks through cryptographic algorithms and stored in a public distributed database. In other words, Blockchain is a distributed data ledger governed by well-known and approved cryptographic principles that are managed by a group of computers that are not owned by a single authority. This paper analyzes the current trends of usage of Blockchain technologies in the electronic voting system, highlights the challenges and issues raised so far in the community regarding the security and privacy of the vote and the voter.
Transactions privacy on blockchain using web of trust concept
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
Exchange of information through the web took place inside a trusted environment and thus user privacy was assured by default. Nowadays, ensuring user privacy is becoming one of the most desirable features of new technology, and Blockchain is not an exception. The Blockchain is a decentralized technology, open, and public platform where all transactions are stored and viewed from nodes, an approach known as “Web of Trust.” Although these transactions tend to be anonymous but in the case of the banking sector, user privacy requires special attention. In centralized systems, the implementation of privacy is no longer a challenge, using a hierarchical approach such as Public Key Infrastructure. This paper presents a broad landscape and state of art of user transaction privacy in Blockchain technology using the Web of Trust approach. Furthermore, we present a novel approach using the Public Key Infrastructure for assuring user privacy adding an optionally encrypted field in blocks in transactions. We have used Bithomp, as a free and opensource tool with the Testnet platform, and Ripple as the best known in the implementation of the payment system to implement the proposed approach. The paper concludes with the strengths and limitations of the proposed approach.
USING eID PSEUDONYMITY AND ANONYMITY FOR STRENGTHENING USER FREEDOM IN INTERNET
(AAB College, 2025-07-14) Dervishi, Ramadan
When the Internet was designed in early 70s it main goal was to establish communication between two parties. Few decades later a saying “on the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog” was coined, representing the fundamental user right - freedom of choosing his identity in the Internet. The recent rapid growth of electronic and mobile services over Internet required strong user authentication mechanisms, where user identity was derived from his personal and biometric data. For some contemporary Internet applications this strong authentication is not desirable in society since it reduces the user freedom to express his opinion without a fear for unjust negative consequences. This paper presents an efficient solution using national biometric identity cards (eID) for conducting anonymous transactions over Internet, where by user identity is substituted by his pseudonym stored in eID biometric contact less card. The testing environment consists of two applications: (i) commenting the article in e-News, and (ii) casting a vote in a electronic election system. Paper concludes with the list strengthens and limitations of proposed solution.