Browsing by Author "Gashi, Rrezarta"

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CHALLENGES OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES: CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Opportunely in the time of globalization, female entrepreneurs, including those doing business in countries in transition, are moving towards the booming of their businesses. Apart from the advantages they have in the period their countries are transitioning, female entrepreneurs also are faced with many challenges. These challenges are faced by female entrepreneurs who are doing business in Kosovo, which is in a transition period. The challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in the state of Kosovo, apart from economic factors, are also cultural factors. Given the role of small businesses in the country's economic development, a number of these businesses are run by women, ventures also known as small businesses. Through this research paper, we will try to highlight the main challenges of female entrepreneurs are facing in countries in transition, and especially in the state of Kosovo, where through the recommendations collected by this research paper, we believe that we will contribute to female entrepreneurs of this country
CHALLENGES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN THE DEVELOPING ECONOMY
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Entrepreneurship takes a very important role in employment, improving economic and social indicators. The importance of enterprises is great for both developed and developing countries, so they are known as the key to the economic development of a country (Sharma & Gaur, 2020). Entrepreneurial women and their importance is a topic of discussion in itself in all countries of the world for the sake of gender equality in every economic and social aspect. This research aims to analyze the challenges of women entrepreneurs in the case of Kosovo. The research paper uses extensive literature and is based on secondary data provided by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics and various official reports and primary data provided by the survey, also, this work is realized based on the primary data. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in transition countries, specifically in the state of Kosovo. The sample included 87 women entrepreneurs. The findings of the research paper show that childcare, care for the elderly, and access to finance remain challenges for women entrepreneurs in the case of Kosovo. The research paper further recommends increasing government support and government programs to support women entrepreneurs in all types of businesses and economic activities.
Econometric Approach of the Nexus Between Remittances and Economic Growth in Western Balkans
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to highlight the importance of remittances in the economic development of a country, with special emphasis in Western Balkan countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper is based on the study of theoretical issues, OLS model, fixed (FE) and random (RE) effect model. In addition Hausman test has been applied to determine the appropriate model among Fixed and Random effects. Revealing the results of the Hausman test the Random effect model is considered as the appropriate model, and it implies the existence of positive and significant relationship between remittances and GDP per capita growth in the Western Balkan countries for the time period 2000 - 2018. Findings: Results based in OLS model findings reveal a positive relationship between remittances and GDP per capita growth. Also the results of the random and fixed effect model reveal positive and significant effect of remittances on the economic growth, thus by increasing remittances the GDP per capita will increase. The results also present that Gross Fixed Capital Formation has a positive impact on the economic growth, where by increasing Gross Fixed Capital Formation, the GDP per capita will increase. Practical Implications: The results of this research are supportive regarding the relationship between remittances and economic growth, yet will contribute to the existing literature as well as for further policy recommendations by the Western Balkan countries. Originality/Value: This research paper is an empirical analysis based on the data provided by the World Bank, for the time period 2000-2018.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT LEGISLATION: A PRECONDITION FOR CREATING A FAVOURABLE INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN THE CASE OF KOSOVO
(AAB College, 2025-07-16) Ziberi, Besime; Gashi, Rrezarta
Foreign direct investment (FDI) represents a significant impetus for sustainable economic growth and development. From the context of the importance that FDI carries as the transfer of knowledge, experience, employment growth and development of human capital, its attraction definitely requires a proper legal basis, namely, the implementation of the law and the proper functioning of judiciary. The main aim of this study is to elaborate the legislation on foreign direct investment in Kosovo and to analyse FDI in Kosovo over the years. This study is based on local literature, specifically the interpretation of the current law on FDI in Kosovo and international literature to examine the effects of legislation on a business climate. This study is descriptive, comparative and analytical, based mainly on secondary data provided by the World Bank indicators on FDI in Kosovo over the years. Kosovo as a young, post-war state has drafted a number of reforms in the economic field and in the field of law enforcement and judiciary, but undoubtedly the current law governing strategic investments has room for improvement, thus, must be enforced in order for investors to feel safe while operating in Kosovo. This study also concludes that Kosovo is attractive for foreign investors due to the increasing rate of GDP, labour market conditions, high rate of degree holders complying with labour market requirements. The study goes further with recommendations on supplementing the current law versus the European FDI legislation. The major implication of the study
GLOBAL FINANCIAL TURMOIL: EXAMINING ITS RISKS AND RIPPLE EFFECT ON FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
(AAB College, 2025-07-16) Haliti Baruti, Blerta; Nallbani Berisha, Shqiponja; Gashi, Rrezarta
Over the past two decades, the global economic landscape has faced substantial turmoil, marked by major events such as the 2007 financial crisis and the ongoing challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to theoretically clarify the consequences of the global financial crisis on the developing economy of Kosovo, with a particular focus on its financial system, and to propose potential future reforms in this sector. Using a comparative analysis of different time periods, specifically examining the financial crisis from 2008 to 2023 in Kosovo, the study reveals that the global economic crisis has significantly impacted Kosovo’s economy. This is evident in the pronounced fluctuations in key macroeconomic indicators, including gross domestic product (GDP), trade balance, consumer price index (CPI), unemployment rates, remittances, and foreign direct investment (FDI) during this period. The findings suggest that two fundamental factors — the low level of economic integration and the government’s shift in priorities towards capital investments — have mitigated the crisis’s impact on Kosovo. The paper also highlights the ongoing challenges of inflation and emphasizes the need for strategies to ensure resilience and sustainable economic prosperity in the future.
Impact of Social Media on the Development of New Products, Marketing and Customer Relationship Management in Kosovo
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of social media in the development of enterprises, and in particular the development of new products, and highlight the role of social media in customer relations, where the development of a new product is one of the most important elements for an enterprise. For the realization of this paper, a special questionnaire was used, where its structure was divided into three parts, where in the first part are presented the demographic questions, in the second part are the questions related to the use of social media, as and the third part includes questions related to the productivity of products and the enterprise in general. Participants in this paper were 350 companies. The paper results are presented through descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression. Based on the results of this paper, we can say that Kosovar companies through social media establish relationships with their customers and keep them informed, which also greatly influences the development of new products, as well as organizational performance. Also what is noticed in this paper is the enterprises have managed to improve the quality of products through the study of customer feedback. The results also show that the use of social media to create relationships with customers and inform them, statistically affect the organizational performance and product success of Kosovo enterprises. The results also show that social media have an impact on organizational performance, the success of the company, close customer relationships, and timely information.
REMITTANCE INCOMES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KOSOVO
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
In globalism period, when the migration of the population is informal, migration and remittances have played an extraordinary important role on the socio-economy development of the country. As in many places that are in transition phase and in Kosovo remittance have played a positive role on the development of the country, considering the great number of the diaspora living in foreign countries. Even in the world’s greatest crises, remittance has been the main pillar of a country, mainly for those countries under development. They are considered as primary incomes for many families of the countries under development and those in transitions, too. According to the researches performed during last years, it is argued that the remittance increase effect on the economic development of the country. During this paperwork will be explained the theory and practice aspects on the role of remittances on the development of such countries that receive them.
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT APPLICATION DURING THE ENTRANCE and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT in FOREIGN MARKETS – KOSOVO MARKET CASE
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
FDI (Foreign Direct Investments) are very important for many businesses worldwide including Kosovo as a country which is seeking for foreign investors to get healed from distraction of the past. Due to the capacity and purchasing power it has, market of Kosovo can be attractive for small and middle businesses intending to invest. Best options prospering in this sort of market, similar to Kosovo market, is by building of partnership or emerging businesses between foreign investors and domestic businesses as the best alternative for both parties. I would stress out the Kosovo market has potential for foreign companies to use the strategic management in order to expand their businesses, in this case in close cooperation or any kind of partnership with local companies by using opportunity in doing business in the field of distribution, representation and sales. Foreign interested companies intending to invest in Kosovo can use the strategic management in the field of operation such are: Distribution – usage of distribution strategies by getting into the partnership with domestic companies, Representation – practicing strategic planning of products offering in partnership with local businesses, Sales – can be mingled experience of companies which operate in Kosovo with best practices from other markets. This combination can afford reaching strategy planes effecting on better sales and aligning the company politics for: Logistic marketing – appropriate for current market of operation, Storage of goods – using the warehouses of partners or distributors, Transportation – using the vehicles of transport that partners are working with according to the agreement between partners – investor and native businesses- about the obligation and expenses for goods transportation.
Strategic Management Application into the Small and Medium businesses in Kosovo
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Similar to majority of places around the globe that operate on part on free markets, Kosovo’s small and medium sized firms and companies struggle to catch up with close competition and against big companies on the other hand, though. Awareness of business people about the fast shifting and quick changes into the market made plenty of owners/entrepreneurs having different view of market they operate, particularly traditional trades which small and medium businesses are part of. The new perspective comprises the need for changes aiming moving personal firm towards cutting edge trends led by contemporary costumers’ tastes, demands and wishes. Fast shifting trends compel businesses insofar as they are required to deeply analyze and indentify both internal and external factors in order to survive and prevail as main objective. Based upon the choice they make, trades may decide staying small and earning big or growing and earning big too; therefore, every single business inescapably ought to find a strategy since merely luck isn’t enough to be relied urging for success. Not two markets can use the single strategy bearing numerous differentiations as in size, demography or economy. Coping with numerous issues business vendors should move forward and equip themselves with useful traits of sharp minded entrepreneurs, adaptive marketing managers, financially smart, long term forecasters, precise predictive and technologically savvy as common mandatory qualities succeeding in a complex market surroundings. Thought, kit of functional traits must be reckoned as proper solution for strategic managing operations of business an aim for long term achievements.
Strategic Management Role on Contemporary Emerging Market – The Female Economy
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Economic power of women in today’s is surging solidly whereas creating positive climate on businesses worldwide. Business people make long term plans and tend having bright vision about the future, commonly they look closely about market trends, it’s movement and positive changes. Literally, they are pretty aware of female purchasing power, hence, they identify the opportunity of newly emerged market- the females market towards which market responding wisely to their demands and request is prerequisite for survivor. Doing so, strategic management is the best decision being applied getting good chunk of this market that provides high return for every single investment done. Since female make almost half global population converting into the money meaning they make almost 85% of all purchases made in the world. Taking this fact into account, businesses must make a leap ahead reaching this market and women as main actor in it. Additionally, women are ongoing growing working force, academically and highly educated, in some occasions are better paid than men, have own money for personal and family spending, and unstoppably search for life and work balance achievement. Aforementioned facts strengthens consciousness to whom businesses should focus their managerial and business strategy - straight forward the new market having known that the global biggest market – female market, is everywhere around us. Every strategic movement of businesses having females on focus must move swiftly and prepare business operation upon high and firm demands that in return make businesses more lucrative and give strength for further succeeding. Strategic management consists of actions and organizations to create sustain and highly competitive advantage for businesses, pursuing contemporary trends is an operation engagement and venture that facilitate seizing share into the arising market powered by women.
The Impact of Corporate Sustainability Index on BIST Sustainability Index
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Mass production, which started with the industrial revolution, caused both the unconscious consumption of the resources and the damages to the ecological system after the production. In this respect, the concept of sustainability, which is one of the most important conception of responsibility, is gradually gaining value in terms of protecting resources and transferring them to future generations. (Mori and Christodoulou, 2012: 94-106). Sustainability In the first place, it has started to be used mostly in the management of natural resources; later, it was used in different fields such as sectoral practices and energy tourism (Diaz - Baltciro, Voces, Romero, 2011: 761-773). Today, the expectations of the society from the enterprises have changed compared to the past. These changing expectations lead businesses to new searches. The most important concept that guides these quests is to be sustainable. The concept of sustainability for enterprises gains a new dimension in the form of corporate sustainability”. For corporate sustainability, it is possible for organizations to achieve individual results only to a certain extent. Because companies are affected to a great extent by all kinds of economic, social and even cultural formations occurring in their environment (Kuşat, 2012: 238). The most important benefit of sustainability indices is that it leads to improvements in transparency without the need for regulations, better understanding of the social and environmental impacts of companies and guiding them to reduce the negative effects of company activities. The BIST Index serves as a guide for companies on what to measure, what needs to be developed and what can be explained. Thus, it creates opportunities for companies to see social and environmental risks and opportunities and to manage their sustainability performances correctly. The index, on the other hand, provides information to investors and the community about the sustainability performance of companies. The aim of this study is whether the BIST Sustainable Index makes a difference for companies compared to BIST 100. "Does the BIST Sustainability Index really make a difference?" will be examined. In this context, data between 2014-2018 of BIST Sustainability and BIST 100 index will be examined. Based on the results obtained in the study, it shows that there is no strong evidence of the impact of inclusion in the BIST Sustainability Index on the stock returns of companies. At the same time, the BIST Sustainability Index has been shown to have similar returns to the BIST 100 Index.
THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE CONSUMERS’ BEHAVIOUR: THE CASE OF REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO ECONOMY
(AAB College, 2025-07-16) Ziberi, Besime; Rexha, Donat; Gashi, Rrezarta
The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal consumption expenditures (PCE) in the case of Kosovo. Labor factor has been considered as the holder of the economic activity, however, manpower, namely its broader term population is at the same time the user of the product and the services, i.e., the result of the economic activity (Škuflić & Šokčević, 2010) Taking into consideration that COVID-19 is harming the labor market and in economic activity in general, we also consider that this situation is affecting the personal consumption expenditures in case of Kosovo, domestic demand, supported by low-interest rates and strong employment growth, will remain the main driver of growth (OECD, 2018). To analyze the importance of personal consumption expenditure in the case of Kosovo during the COVID-19 pandemic we used secondary data from World Bank documents and primary data collected via an online questionnaire that was randomly distributed using social media with a sample of 233 respondents. The data analysis concludes descriptive statistics, frequency tables and charts, Pearson correlation, Cronbach’s alpha, and Chi-square test. To conduct the results, the SPSS program is used. The study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted personal consumption expenditures and shifted the consumption from luxury to essential products. The study also concludes that citizens will realize the pre-planned expenditures as soon as the anti-COVID-19 measures will be released.
The Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises in Generating New Jobs in Case of Kosovo
(AAB College, 2025-07-16) Gashi, Rrezarta; Ziberi, Besime
This study is an original study and adds to the research debate on the impact of small and medium enterprises in generating new jobs, with a special focus on the industry and services sector, as in Kosovo for these sectors still do not there has been special research. The objective of this research paper presents the impacts of small and medium enterprises have in generating new jobs. To achieve the stated objective and to prove the hypotheses in this research, the OLS regression model has been used, whereas the data processing has been done through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). This research paper has been conducted by using secondary data collected by the World Bank and Kosovo Agency of Statistics. The data are presented for the time period 2012-2018. Results in this research paper from this model show that the industry and services sector affects generating new jobs in Kosovo, therefore there is a positive correlation between the presented variables. Also, we can notice a positive correlation between the GDP and employment rate. The results presented in this research paper can be used as a guide for new businesses in the services and industry sector and their impact on the generation of new jobs in Kosovo, as well as efforts to further improve performance in these sectors.
The Impact of Social Media on the Development of Women Especially in Transition States
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Izmaku, Xhevahire; Gashi, Rrezarta
The main goal of this paper was to highlight the importance of social media in the development of women entrepreneurs in the state of Kosovo, where the number of women entrepreneurs is increasing every day. In this research, two objectives are presented: to analyze the influence of social media on women’s entrepreneurship in the case of Kosovo and to measure the impact of social media usage on sales of women’s entrepreneurship in the case of Kosovo. To realize this empirical research, a questionnaire containing 25 questions was used, and 750 women entrepreneurs answered this questionnaire over a period of 5 months. The results of the analysis are presented through descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and the OLS model. The results of this research show that social media has a positive effect on increasing sales in women-led businesses; they have easier access to communication. Also, the results indicate that these media have a positive impact on increasing the audience as well as reducing expenses during the marketing campaign. Based on the presented results, it is stated that social media is the primary influencer in the development of women’s entrepreneurship, and these findings are nearly similar to the results of research conducted by authors from various countries.
THE NEXUS BETWEEN PUBLIC SPENDING ON EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF KOSOVO (ECONOMETRIC APPROACH)
(AAB College, 2025-07-16) Ziberi, Besime; Gashi, Rrezarta
The main aim of this study is to analyse the trend of public spending dedicated to education in case of Kosovo over the years and to measure the impact of public spending in education on economic growth of Kosovo. In order to achieve the aim, the Pearson Correlation has been used and a multifactorial regression model (OLS) has been modified and adapted, where we have determined the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a dependent variable and as an independent variable in the model: (i) Public expenditure on secondary education and (ii) Public expenditure on higher education (university). The data used are secondary data from the Kosovo’s State Budget, Ministry of Finance and Transfers, and Kosovo Agency of Statistics. We have come to a conclusion that public spending dedicated to higher education (university) has a positive impact on Kosovo’s economic growth meanwhile public spending on secondary education does not show any effect. The paper suggests further recommendations on public spending policies
THE PERCEPTION OF EMPLOYEES ON THE MANDATORY PENSION SAVINGS IN CASE OF KOSOVO
(AAB College, 2025-07-15) Ziberi, Besime; Gashi, Rrezarta
The stability of pension fund is very important for social welfare in general and for a sustainable economic development in particular. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the perception of employees on the mandatory pension savings in the case of Kosovo. Examining local and international literature, the method used in this study is the online questionnaire with a sample of 300 respondents employed in the private and public sector. The collected data were processed and tested through the IBM SPSS program where the descriptive analysis, frequencies, the cross-tabulation tables, Pearson correlation and Chi-Square test are used and presented in the study. The paper concludes that employees, regardless of age, the level of education and the sector in which they work, do not have any perception related mandatory pension savings in general. The result of Chi-Square Test also proves that the variables under analysis respondents' level of education and their perception to the right of the state to compulsory pension are not related to each other. The paper comes with some others conclusions and recommendations based on research findings.
The power of women in the success of business family: A case study of Kosovo, Albania and North Macedonia
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
The main objective of this research is to emphasize the significant role women hold in leading family businesses in transitional countries such as Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Albania. It aims to demonstrate how women’s leadership can positively influence business performance, economic advancement and social development in these regions where traditional gender norms are shifting. Additionally, this study explores how empowering women in leadership roles can foster innovation, strengthen resilience, and ensure long-term sustainability for family-owned businesses ultimately contributing to the broader economic progress of these transitioning economies. This research aims to analyze family support, cultural factors and the influence of education on the advancement of women in leadership positions with a particular focus on family businesses. In this empirical research, 490 women from the countries above were included and the sample was randomly selected due to a lack of formal data. The results of the analyses were presented through descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and T-test. The results indicate that family support has already a significant impacted advancement. Similarly, cultural factors have a positive influence. These factors have changed and are no longer obstacles to women's advancement as in the past, although in some rural countries this is still seen as an obstacle. Another important factor is education where women prioritize before taking leadership positions and continue with various training even after taking positions to be fully prepared to achieve their business objectives.
University graduate recruitment and selection as a part of business strategy: A case of an emerging market.
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Kosovo businesses are mostly small and medium-sized in structure and have a very large weight in terms of the employment of university graduates in the country. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to present the challenges which businesses in Kosovo are confronted with during the process of recruitment and selection of university graduates. The study uses mainly primary data, which were collected through an online questionnaire in a purposive sample of businesses operating in Kosovo. The questionnaire includes structured questions mainly with alternative and dichotomous questions, as well as an open question. This study uses the Pearson correlation and t-test for hypothesis testing, while the results are generally presented through tables and graphs using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. This study comes to the conclusion that the biggest challenge faced by Kosovo businesses in the process of recruiting and selecting university graduates is the lack of practical work on the part of graduates, as well as analysis of job requirements and the attraction of candidates with the right skills. The study also finds that business in the case of Kosovo considers that the skills needed from a graduate in order to get employed are the ability to work in a team, flexibility, public speaking, etc.
Women in the Labor Market and Decision Making in Kosovo
(AAB College, 2025-07-18) Gashi, Rrezarta
Gender equality is defined as a prerequisite for European integration and as such the Action Plan for European Partnership is listed on Political Criteria. The Government of Kosovo in April 2008 approved the Kosovo Program for Gender Equality GENERAL six goals and eight specific objectives. With this objective case for women in the labor market and decision-making requires a greater commitment of all stakeholders. This study provides an overview of the rough that evaluates the legal framework and cross-sectoral policies and positioning of women in conformity with their school preparation in decision-making positions. Economic independence remains as one of the main key to the realization of the equal right to decision-making positions. Although Kosovo with gender representation in decision-making level of the seventeenth in the world counted in the labor market situation remains a challenge that requires a great commitment to the local factor and even international. Therefore, the research enables the opening of discussions, improving the working environment and the implementation of the Action Plan for Empowering Women in Economy as a key factor of the welfare of family and society